Basics of Chemistry and Molecules in Cells
Cell is the basic unit on the human body where each organ is the aggregation / fusion of different kinds of cells that are united to one another by endorsement interseluller.Any structures specialized cell types to perform a function of red blood cells. like the number 25 trillion function to raise the oxygen from the Lungs to the red blood cells. there are approximately another 75 trillion cells that make up the human body, so the number of cells in the human body amounted to 100 trillion cells.
Although many different cells to each other, but generally all the cells have properties, which resemble each other, for example: oxygen will be bound to the carbohydrate, fat or protein in each cell to release energy; general mechanism to change food into energy; each cells release final results on the reaction to the surrounding fluid; almost all cells have the ability to make reproductive and if a particular cell is damaged then the other kind of cells will regenerate.
In general, cells that make up the human body has a basic structure consisting of the cell membrane, protoplasm and nucleus of the cell (nucleus). All three have a chemical composition consisting of water, electrolytes, protein, fat and carbohydrates.
Energy
Tues need energy to do all its activities, such as glucose synthesis, muscle contraction and DNA replication. In biological systems, energy is obtained from chemical bonds and chemical reactions in the cell (food). Glucose is the main source of energy. Tues to degradation of glucose continuously and in the process of energy will remove the chemical bonds of glucose is split so that this energy can be used for all cell activity. Energy produced can be converted into various kinds of energy such as heat energy, chemical energy, mechanical energy and electrical energy. For example in the muscles and nerves, chemical energy is converted into mechanical energy in muscle contraction and electrical energy in nerve cell activity.
Energy is extracted from food materials, bound in a chemical bond known as Adenosin triphosphate (ATP), ATP which is the source of energy, where energy will be released when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP so that 1 high-energy phosphate (12 kcal) is used for the needs cells, ADP was still able to re-produce hydrolyse 1 phosphate (12kkal) and AMP molecules. Generally, energy is extracted from food materials, will be used prior to the formation of ATP, before the energy was used for all cell activity.
Chemical Bonding
There are 2 types of chemical bonds contained in the biological system is of covalent bonds (strong bonds) and non-covalent bonds (weak bonds). Covalent bonds binding the atoms that form molecules in the organic chemical bonds, are bonds nonkovalen determine 3-dimensional structure of most biological molecules.
Energy generated at the time of the solution and the formation of covalent bonds is very large. Atoms are bound with covalent bonds are very stable, so the energy needed to break the bond is very large. Energy changes that occur to solve this covalent bond, obtained from the formation of other covalent bonds. Because of this strong covalent bonds, the molecule that is composed of a covalent bond can survive for a long time.
Nonkovalen bond present in most of the ties that held the structure of large molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. 3-dimensional structure of these large molecules or bonds between one molecule and another molecule is very weak. At normal temperature bonding nonkovalen only temporary, but many covalent bonds together form a bond that has a high stability. Which includes bond is nonkovalen hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der Waals bonds, and hydrophobic bonds.
Structure of cells and Functions
Tues composed of 2 types of chemical substances that small molecules and polimer, which both are distinguished on the size and organizational structure. Small molecules are generally composed of less than 50 atoms, and each small molecule has a structure composed of many khas.Polimer small molecule that is composed of covalent bonds in which subunits of each polymer called tau monomer residua. In addition to monomers, the structure jugadisusun by fat cells, such as cell membranes that play an important role in cell function.
Tues Organization
Cell has two major parts of the nucleus and cytoplasm. Nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane, and cytoplasm is separated from the fluid surrounding the cell membrane. Bahgan various cells that make up a collective called the protoplasm. Protoplasm consists mainly of the 5 basic ingredients: water, electrolytes, proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.
a. Water
The main fluid medium of the cell is water, which is found in concentrations of 70-85%. Many of the chemicals dissolved in water cells, while others are in the form of suspension or membranous.
b. Electrolyte
The most important electrolyte in the cells is potassium, magnesium, phosphate, bicarbonate, sodium, chloride, and calcium. Provide inorganic electrolyte materials for cellular reactions and control mechanisms involved and the cell.
c. Protein
Plays an important role in almost all physiological processes and can be summarized as follows:
1. Enzymatic processes
2. The process of transport and storage
3. The process of movement
4. Mechanical function
5. Immunological process
6. Founder and conductor of impulses in nerve cells
7. Regulate the process of growth and regeneration.
d. Fat
Fatty acids which are components of cell membranes is a long-chain hydrocarbons, fatty acids are stored in the cell is triasilgliserol, is a very hydrophobic molecule. Because of this triasilgliserol molecules not dissolve in water / salt it will form the lipid droplets in fat cells (adipose cells) which is a source of energy. Fat molecules that make up the cell membrane has a hydroxyl group (phospholipids and cholesterol) that can bind with water, whereas the other hydrophobic groups (not bound by the water) so-called amfifatik.
e. Carbohydrates
A Carbohydrate composed of atoms C, H and O. carbohydrates that have called pentose 5 C atoms, C 6 atoms are called hexosa carbs are essential for cell function.
Carbohydrates are composed of many units called polysaccharides. Polysaccharides serve as a backup energy source and as the components that make up the outer surface of the cell membrane. Carbohydrates that bind to proteins and the bind with fat (glycolipids) is an important structure of the cell membrane. In addition to glycolipids and glycoproteins that structuring blood group antigens that can cause immunological reactions.
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